Irrigation

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Basics of Irrigation

Definition, necessity, advantages, and disadvantages.

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Types of Irrigation

Surface, sub-surface, drip, and sprinkler systems.

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Irrigation Efficiency

Water use, Application (ηa), Conveyance (ηc) & Storage (ηs) efficiencies.

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Duty and Delta

Relationship between Duty (D), Delta (Δ), and Base Period (B).

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Crop Seasons

Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid crop cycles.

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Consumptive Use

Evapotranspiration and methods of measurement.

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Soil-Water Relationship

Field capacity, wilting point, and available moisture.

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Types of Canals

Introduction to Lined vs. Unlined canals.

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Kennedy’s Theory

Critical Velocity Ratio (m) and design procedures.

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Lacey’s Theory

Silt factor (f), hydraulic radius, and perimeter.

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Canal Lining

Benefits of lining and common materials used.

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Sediment Transport

Silt behavior and its impact on canal stability.

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River Training Works

Guide banks, groynes, and levees for bank protection.

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Headworks Components

Weir, barrage, divide wall, and fish ladder functions.

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Seepage Theories

Khosla’s Theory & Bligh’s Creep Theory.

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Canal Falls

Energy dissipation structures and their types.

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Cross Drainage Works

Aqueduct, Syphon, Super Passage, and Level Crossing.

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Canal Regulators

Functions of head regulators and cross regulators.

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Gravity Dams

Types of dams and forces acting on a gravity dam.

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Stability Analysis

Safety against overturning and sliding.

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Spillways

Ogee spillways and energy dissipators (Stilling basins).

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Waterlogging

Causes, effects, and preventive measures.

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Land Reclamation

Techniques for restoring saline soil for agricultural use.